^

^ — “Power of” operator.

Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in


a + b * c.
      

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

  
a + (b * c)
      

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

  
a && b - c || d
      

is taken as

  
(a && (b - c)) || d
      

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

  
a - b - c
      

is taken as

  
(a - b) - c
      

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

The operator ^ raises a to the b power. b may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See pow. (New in Csound version 3.493.)

Syntax

a ^  b  (b not audio-rate)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

Examples

Here is an example of the ^ operator. It uses the file raises.csd.

Example 21. Example of the ^ operator.

See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.

<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
; Audio out   Audio in
-odac           -iadc    ;;;RT audio I/O
; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
; -o raises.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

; Initialize the global variables.
sr = 44100
kr = 4410
ksmps = 10
nchnls = 1

; Instrument #1.
instr 1
  i1 = 2 ^ 12
  print i1
endin


</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>

; Play Instrument #1 for one second.
i 1 0 1
e


</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>


Its output should include a line like this:

instr 1:  i1 = 4096.000

See Also

-, +, &&, ||, *, /, %

Credits

Example written by Kevin Conder.